Scientific Researches On:
Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom)
USA National Center for Biotechnology Information
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21:
J Med. 1998;29(5-6):305-30.
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A placebo-controlled trial of the
immune modulator, lentinan, in
HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial.
Gordon M,
Bihari B,
Goosby E,
Gorter R,
Greco M,
Guralnik M,
Mimura T,
Rudinicki V,
Wong R,
Kaneko Y.
AIDS Activities Division, San Francisco
General Hospital, CA, USA.
Lentinan is a beta 1-->3 glucan isolated
from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake mushroom)
which has immune modulating properties. We
have conducted two phase I/II
placebo-controlled trials on a total of 98
patients. In one study at the San
Francisco General Hospital (SFGH), ten
patients each were administered 2, 5, or
10 mg of lentinan or placebo i.v. once a
week for eight weeks. In the second study
at the Community Research Initiative in
New York (CRI), two groups of 20 patients
each were administered 1 or 5 mg of
lentinan i.v. twice a week for 12 weeks,
and ten patients were administered placebo
(vehicle containing mannitol plus dextran
40) i.v. twice a week. Entry criteria were
an HIV positive test, CD4 levels of
200-500 cells, age 18-60 years, and
without current opportunistic infections.
This study confirms, in Caucasian subjects
also, the good tolerability of lentinan
observed in Japanese cancer patients. Side
effects were mainly mild, especially when
infusion was carried out over a 30-minute
period. In the SFGH study, where
administration was over a ten minute
period, there were nine side effects
severe enough to be reported to the FDA
(one case each of anaphylactoid reaction,
back pain, leg pain, depression, rigor,
fever, chills, granulocytopenia and
elevated liver enzymes) and there were
four patients who discontinued therapy
because of side effects. In the CRI study,
where infusion was over a 30-minute
period, there were no side effects
reportable to the FDA and there were four
dropouts due to side effects or personal
preference. Most side effects resolved
promptly after the discontinuation of
medication, and all of them were relieved
within 24 hours. Patients in the study
have shown a trend toward increases in CD4
cells and in some patients neutrophil
activity. Because of the small numbers,
these values do not have statistical
significance. Inasmuch as no side effects
such as anemia, leukopenia, pancreatitis
or neuropathy were seen, and in view of
the positive effects of lentinan on
certain surrogate markers (recognizing
that these were small studies), we
recommended a long-term clinical trial of
lentinan in combination with didanosine (ddI)
or zidovudine in HIV positive patients.
Most patients in these trials did not have
measurable p24 levels. In the CRI trials
of ten patients with elevated p24 levels,
eight on lentinan and two on placebo had
decreased p24 levels. Of these decreases,
those with lentinan and one with placebo
were marked. These results were
provocative and needed confirmation.
Subsequent to this study, a trial of
lentinan in combination with didanosine (ddI)
showed a mean increase of 142 CD4
cells/mm3 over a twelve month period, in
contrast to a decrease in CD4 cells in
patients on ddI alone (Gordon et al.
1995).
Publication Types:
PMID: 10503166 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity.
Borchers AT,
Stern JS,
Hackman RM,
Keen CL,
Gershwin ME.
Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and
Clinical Immunology, University of
California at Davis School of Medicine,
Davis, California 95616-8660, USA.
Medicinal properties have been attributed
to mushrooms for thousands of years.
Mushroom extracts are widely sold as
nutritional supplements and touted as
beneficial for health. Yet, there has not
been a critical review attempting to
integrate their nutraceutical potential
with basic science. Relatively few studies
are available on the biologic effects of
mushroom consumption, and those have been
performed exclusively in murine models. In
this paper, we review existing data on the
mechanism of whole mushrooms and isolated
mushroom compounds, in particular
(1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, and the means by
which they modulate the immune system and
potentially exert tumor-inhibitory
effects. We believe that the antitumor
mechanisms of several species of whole
mushrooms as well as of polysaccharides
isolated from Lentinus edodes,
Schizophyllum commune, Grifola frondosa,
and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are mediated
largely by T cells and macrophages.
Despite the structural and functional
similarities of these glucans, they differ
in their effectiveness against specific
tumors and in their ability to elicit
various cellular responses, particularly
cytokine expression and production.
Unfortunately, our data base on the
involvement of these important mediators
is still rather limited, as are studies
concerning the molecular mechanisms of the
interactions of glucans with their target
cells. As long as it remains unclear what
receptors are involved in, and what
downstream events are triggered by, the
binding of these glucans to their target
cells, it will be difficult to make
further progress in understanding not only
their antitumor mechanisms but also their
other biological activities.
Publication Types:
PMID: 10460691 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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In vitro chemopreventive effects of
plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis
miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum
and Coriolus versicolor).
Kim HS,
Kacew S,
Lee BM.
Division of Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University,
Changan-ku, Chunchun-dong, Kyunggi-do,
Suwon 440-746, Korea.
A plant polysaccharide, Aloe gel extract,
was reported to have an inhibitory effect
on benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-DNA adduct
formation in vitro and in vivo. Hence,
chemopreventive effects of plant
polysaccharides [Aloe barbadensis Miller (APS),
Lentinus edodes (LPS), Ganoderma lucidum
(GPS) and Coriolus versicolor (CPS)] were
compared using in vitro short-term
screening methods associated with both
initiation and promotion processes in
carcinogenesis. In B[a]P-DNA adduct
formation, APS (180 micrograms/ml) was the
most effective in inhibition of B[a]P
binding to DNA in mouse liver cells.
Oxidative DNA damage (by
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine) was significantly
decreased by APS (180 micrograms/ml) and
CPS (180 micrograms/ml). In induction of
glutathione S-transferase activity, GPS
was found to be the most effective among
plant polysaccharides. In screening
anti-tumor promoting effects, APS (180
micrograms/ml) significantly inhibited
phorbol myristic acetate (PMA)-induced
ornithine decarboxylase activity in Balb/3T3
cells. In addition, APS significantly
inhibited PMA-induced tyrosine kinase
activity in human leukemic cells. APS and
CPS significantly inhibited superoxide
anion formation. These results suggest
that some plant polysaccharides produced
both anti-genotoxic and anti-tumor
promoting activities in in vitro models
and, therefore, might be considered as
potential agents for cancer
chemoprevention.
PMID: 10426820 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola
frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus
administration on cancer outbreak, and
activities of macrophages and lymphocytes
in mice treated with a carcinogen,
N-butyl-N-butanolnitrosoamine.
Kurashige S,
Akuzawa Y,
Endo F.
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma
University School of Health Sciences,
Japan.
ICR mice were treated with a carcinogen,
N-butyl-N'-butanolnitrosoamine BBN), every
day for 8 consecutive weeks and the
effects of oral administration of edible
mushrooms on the induction of urinary
bladder carcinoma and on the activities of
macrophages and lymphocytes were studied.
Bladder carcinoma were found in all 10
mice (100%) treated with BBN alone, while
we observed carcinoma only in 9 of 17 mice
(52.9%), in 7 of 15 mice (46.7%) and 13 of
20 mice (65.0%) treated with Lentinus
edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus
ostreatus, respectively. Chemotactic
activity of macrophages was suppressed in
mice treated with BBN alone but maintained
almost the normal level in mice treated
with BBN plus Lentinus, Grifola or
Pleurotus. Lymphocytes collected from mice
treated with BBN plus each mushroom showed
almost normal blastogenic response against
concanavalin A, although those from mice
treated with BBN alone completely retarded
their response. Cytotoxic activity of
lymphocytes against Yac-1 cells was also
maintained at a normal level in mice
treated with BBN plus each mushroom.
Whereas in mice treated with BBN alone
significant depression of NK cell activity
occurred. Significantly higher cytotoxic
activity against P-815 cells was observed
in lymphocytes from mice treated with BBN
plus each mushroom than that in
lymphocytes from normal mice or mice
treated with BBN alone.
PMID: 9130004 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Effects of lentinan on abnormal
ingestive behaviors induced by tumor
necrosis factor.
Tamura R,
Tanebe K,
Kawanishi C,
Torii K,
Ono T.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of
Medicine, Toyama Medical and
Pharmaceutical University, Japan.
Lentinan (LNT), a beta-glucan derived from
Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sign., is known to
work positively against cachexia in
patients with malignant tumors. Because
the cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
is supposed to be one of the factors that
mediate cancer cachexia, we tested the
effects of LNT on TNF-induced cachexia in
rats. First, we analyzed in detail the
cachectic actions of TNF (0.2 mg/kg/day, 5
days, IV) on food and water intake, body
weight, and locomotor activity. The day
after the first administration of TNF
(acute phase), food and water intake, as
well as body weight, of all rats
decreased. However, over the next few days
of treatment (chronic phase), the rats
gradually developed a tolerance to the
cachectic actions of TNF. Specifically,
after the third administration, the rats
treated with TNF had a higher amount of
water intake than the control rats. This
was mainly due to an increase in daytime
water intake. We also analyzed the effects
of LNT (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, twice/wk. IV) on
TNF-induced cachexia, and compared the
data with those from the rats treated with
TNF alone. The higher dosage of LNT
significantly suppressed TNF-induced
daytime polydipsia and increased the
amount of nighttime water intake, as well
as the meal size of nighttime food intake.
These results suggest that LNT partially
normalizes TNF-induced cachexia in rats.
Publication Types:
PMID: 9089759 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Functional properties of edible
mushrooms.
Chang R.
Department of Medicine, Memorial
Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York,
USA.
Edible mushrooms such as shiitake may have
important salutary effects on health or
even in treating disease. A mushroom
characteristically contains many different
bioactive compounds with diverse
biological activity, and the content and
bioactivity of these compounds depend on
how the mushroom is prepared and consumed.
It is estimated that approximately 50% of
the annual 5 million metric tons of
cultivated edible mushrooms contain
functional "nutraceutical" or medicinal
properties. In order of decreasing
cultivated tonnage, Lentinus (shiitake),
Pleurotus (oyster), Auricularia (mu-er),
Flammulina (enokitake), Tremella (yin-er),
Hericium, and Grifola (maitake) mushrooms
have various degrees of immunomodulatory,
lipid-lowering, antitumor, and other
beneficial or therapeutic health effects
without any significant toxicity. Although
the data for this functional food class
are not as strong as those for other
functional foods such as cruciferous
vegetables, because of their potential
usefulness in preventing or treating
serious health conditions such as cancer,
acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(AIDS), and hypercholesterolemia,
functional mushrooms deserve further
serious investigation. Additionally, there
is a need for epidemiological evidence of
the role of this functional food class.
Publication Types:
PMID: 9110582 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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An in vivo study of hepatic and splenic
interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression
following oral PSK or LEM administration.
Morinaga H,
Tazawa K,
Tagoh H,
Muraguchi A,
Fujimaki M.
Second Department of Surgery, Toyama
Medical and Pharmaceutical University.
The effects of orally administered
biological response modifiers (BRMs) in
preventing postoperative micro liver
metastasis of primary colorectal cancer
were examined in experimental animals. The
two BRMs tested were Krestin (PSK) and
Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM). In previous
experiments, we found that oral
administration of PSK or LEM suppressed
liver metastasis and prolonged the
survival period. We also found that these
agents elevated the liver natural killer (NK)
and liver macrophage activities. In the
present study in vivo, using reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
we examined whether or not the liver and
spleen have cytokines which would induce
NK cells and macrophages, and whether or
not the liver and spleen have cytokines
induced by NK cells or macrophages. We
placed emphasis on the examination of
interleukin (IL)-1 beta expression in the
liver and spleen in vivo. Two to six hours
after oral administration of PSK or LEM (1
g/kg) to mice, IL-1 beta levels in the
liver and spleen rose, and they returned
to their baseline levels 24 h later. These
findings suggest two possibilities: (1)
hepatic IL-1 beta is potentiated by these
agents soon after administration,
resulting in activation of liver NK cells
or macrophages, or (2) these agents
stimulate IL-1 beta production by liver
macrophages, and the produced IL-1 beta
activates liver NK cells or liver
macrophages (Kupffer cells). The results
of this in vivo study suggest that the
potentiation of hepatic and splenic IL-1
beta by PSK and LEM is involved in the
early phases of suppression of micro liver
metastases of colorectal cancer.
PMID: 7852192 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Nitrite-trapping capacity of
thioproline in the human body.
Tsuda M,
Kurashima Y.
Biochemistry Division, National Cancer
Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
Human nitrosating capacity has been
monitored using proline; however, N-nitrosothiazolidine
4-carboxylic acid (NTCA; N-nitrosothioproline),
one of the predominant N-nitroso compounds
in human urine, is also nonmutagenic and,
presumably, noncarcinogenic. Thioproline
is nitrosated about 1000 times faster than
proline in vitro, and NTCA is excreted
into the urine without being metabolized.
We have therefore proposed thioproline as
an effective nitrite-trapping agent in the
human body. Recently, we found thioproline
in various cooked foods, including cod and
dried shiitake mushrooms. In the study
reported here, we evaluate the nitrite
trapping capacity of thioproline in a male
nonsmoking volunteer ingesting NO3- and
eating a controlled diet. The highest
level of NTCA excreted, 5.89 mumol, was
measured after the subject ingested 6 mmol
NO3- followed by 0.45 mmol (60 mg)
thioproline. We estimated the effective
amount of nitrite, defined as the actual
amount of nitrite participating in
nitrosation in the stomach, to be 0.3% of
the NO3- ingested. Thus, the effective
amount of NO2- for 6 mmol NO3- ingested
was calculated to be 18 mumol, and 33% of
this nitrite was trapped by ingestion of
0.45 mmol thioproline. We conclude that
thioproline is a most sensitive probe for
evaluating human nitrosating capacity and
an effective nitrite-trapping agent.
Publication Types:
PMID: 1855835 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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[Quantities of agaritine in mushrooms (Agaricus
bisporus) and the carcinogenicity of
mushroom methanol extracts on the mouse
bladder epithelium]
[Article in Japanese]
Hashida C,
Hayashi K,
Jie L,
Haga S,
Sakurai M,
Shimizu H.
Department of Public Health, Jikei
University School of Medicine.
Consumption of the Agaricus species
mushrooms has increased considerably in
Japan as the Japanese have become
accustomed to Western cooking. The
Agaricus species mushroom contains
hydrazine derivatives known as Agaritine.
Bladder implantation was performed to test
the carcinogenic potential of the Agaricus
species mushroom which contains large
quantities of Agaritine. The results are
summarized as follows: 1) Agaritine was
detected in fresh Agaricus bisporus
mushrooms at the level of 228.2
micrograms/wet weight and in Shiitake (Agaricus
edodes) mushrooms at 0.82 microgram/g wet
weight, but was not detected in either
canned Agaricus bisporus mushrooms or
Matsutake (Armillaria edodes) mushrooms.
2) The observed rates of mouse urinary
bladder carcinoma were 30.8% for fresh
mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), 23.5% for
fresh Shiitake (Agaricus edodes), 9.8% for
dry Shiitake, 50% for synthesized
Agaritine and 5.4% for paraffin wax as a
control. The methanol extract of fresh
mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) and
synthesized Agaritine were found to be
significantly carcinogenic on the mouse
bladder epithelium by the bladder
implantation test with a probability of
less than 0.01. 3) A large quantity of
Agaritine was detected in fresh mushrooms
(Agaricus bisporus), but decreased after
boiling the mushrooms in water at 100
degrees C for 10 min. 4) The methanol
extract of fresh mushrooms (Agaricus
bisporus) and synthesized Agaritine are
suggested to be the agents for producing
cancer in the bladder epithelium. 5)
Adding heat to mushrooms containing
Agaritine before cooking contributes to
the prevention of any potential Agaritine
hazard which may induce carcinogenic
changes in the bladder epithelium.
Publication Types:
PMID: 2132000 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Morphological changes of tumor cells
caused by macrophages treated with lignin
derivatives.
Sorimachi K,
Yamazaki S,
Toda S,
Yasumura Y.
Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo
University School of Medicine, Tochigi,
Japan.
PMID: 1368572 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Antitumor action of shiitake (Lentinus
edodes) fruit bodies orally administered
to mice.
Nanba H,
Mori K,
Toyomasu T,
Kuroda H.
PMID: 3664842 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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[Effect of six edible plants on the
development of AFB1-induced gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive
hepatocyte foci in rats]
[Article in Chinese]
Chen ZY,
Yan RQ,
Qin GZ,
Qin LL.
Guangxi Cancer Institute, Nanning.
Six edible plants, green tea (GT), black
tea (BT), Lentinus edodes (berk) Sing
(LE), Hericium erinaceus (Bull. ex Fr.)
Pers. (HE), Mixture of Ganoderma Lucidum (Ley
ss ex Fr.) Karst et Ganoderma Japanium
(Fr.) Lloyd (MGLJ) and mung bean (MB),
were tested for the effect on the
development of AFB1-induced gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
positive hepatocyte foci (gamma-GT foci)
using an in vivo short-term test model in
rats. The rats received intraperitoneally
12 doses of initiator AFB1, 400
micrograms/kg per dose for 2 successive
weeks. Two weeks after the initiation, the
rats were submitted to a modified "Solt-Farber
promotion program", i.e., a two weeks'
feeding of a diet containing 0.015%
acetylaminofluorene plus a two-third
partial hepatectomy (PH) on day 7. The
rats were sacrificed 10 days after PH and
the livers were processed to gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase
staining. The tested substances were
powdered and mixed with the basal diet at
the concentration level of 30% for MB and
5% for the others. The rats were fed with
the diet-containing tested substances from
10 days before the AFB1 initiation to 3
days after the AFB1 conclusion.
Consequently, the liver of the rats which
had consumed GT showed significantly less
and smaller gamma-GT foci, and those which
had consumed BT, HE and LE showed somewhat
less and significantly smaller foci than
the control groups. It is indicated that
the four diets have an inhibiting effect
on AFB1-induced gamma-GT foci in different
degrees. MB and MGLJ show no significant
influence on the foci.
Publication Types:
PMID: 2443327 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Low natural killer syndrome: clinical
and immunologic features.
Aoki T,
Usuda Y,
Miyakoshi H,
Tamura K,
Herberman RB.
Twenty-three patients with low natural
killer syndrome (LNKS), 7 males and 16
females, are reported here. These LNKS
patients had an age range from 14 to 77
years, with a median of 36.5 years. LNKS
is a newly proposed category of immune
disorders, being characteristically
diagnosed by lowered NK cell activity
against K562 target cells as a definite
laboratory abnormality, in association
with general clinical symptoms of
remittent fever and uncomfortable fatigue,
persisting without explanation for more
than 6 months. Other immune parameters,
such as the DNA synthesis of peripheral
blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in either
the presence or absence of mitogens, the
T4+/T8+ ratio and the number of Leu-11+
PBMCs, were usually within the normal
range. Also, routine laboratory tests did
not detect any abnormal findings. The LNKS
patients responded well to the
administration of an immunopotentiator
called 'lentinan', a glucan extracted from
the Japanese mushroom Lentinus edodes,
despite no responses to conventional fever
treatments such as the administration of
antipyretics or antibiotics. All LNKS
patients observed were universally free of
antibodies in their sera to human T-lymphotropic
retroviruses I and III, and
lymphadenopathy was infrequent, indicating
that the LNKS is a syndrome independent of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
or AIDS-related complex. Antibodies to
other known viruses tested such as
Epstein-Barr or measles virus, or
cytomegalovirus were also negative or not
significantly elevated in the sera before
the initiation of lentinan administration.
If a virus is the cause of LNKS, it may be
a new, unknown virus or an unknown
substrain of known viruses. None of the
LNKS patients has died of this syndrome.
PMID: 2442602 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Anticarcinogenic action of an
alcohol-insoluble fraction (LAP1) from
culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia.
Sugano N,
Choji Y,
Hibino Y,
Yasumura S,
Maeda H.
From the culture medium of Lentinus edodes
mycelia, water-soluble material (LEM) was
prepared and further fractionated by
alcohol precipitation and gel filtration
on Sepharose 6B. The resulting fraction of
xylose-rich proteoglycan at the void
volume was designated as LAP1. The 25% and
50% survival rates of hepatoma-bearing
rats were raised by intraperitoneal (i.p.)
administration of LAP1 at doses of 3-10
mg/kg (an optimum dose, 3 mg/kg). This
fraction did not suppress in vitro cell
proliferation of the hepatoma. Moreover,
the i.p. administration of LAP1
significantly augmented the activity of
macrophage-migration inhibition of the
splenic cells from hepatoma-bearing rats
in the early stage after transplantation.
Thus, the anticarcinogenic action of LAP1
would partly be interpreted by
host-dependent immunomodulation.
PMID: 4039972 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Antitumor effect of bacterial
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone and in
combination with lentinan on MH-134 tumors
in C3H/He mice.
Moriya N,
Miwa H,
Orita K.
Using C3H/He mice, the antitumor effect of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone and in
combination with Lentinan extracted from
Lentinus edodes was studied. The influence
of LPS on cellular immunity and the
antitumor effect of the tumor necrosis
factor (TNF) were also examined. LPS,
which was administered into mice with
tumor, induced hemorrhagic necrosis of the
tumor within 48 h, demonstrating a high
antitumor effect. When LPS was used in
combination with Lentinan, the tumor
growth was significantly inhibited as
compared to that in the control mice. The
combination of LPS and Lentinan prevented
a decrease in the delayed type
hypersensitivity in tumor bearing mice.
Application of rabbit serum containing TNF
resulted in hemorrhagic necrosis of the
tumor within 48 h, as with LPS.
PMID: 6702486 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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[Effects of lentinan in advanced or
recurrent cases of gastric, colorectal,
and breast cancer]
[Article in Japanese]
Taguchi T.
In order to evaluate clinical efficacy of
Lentinan (LNT), a purified polysaccharide
extracted from Lentinus edodes, randomized
controlled studies with envelope method
have been conducted on the patients with
advanced or recurrent, stomach, colo-rectal
and breast cancer. Administration
condition of LNT for gastrointestinal
cancer was designed as the following: LNT
was administered intravenously at doses of
1 mg/person/day twice a week or 2
mg/person/day once a week in combination
with mitomycine C + 5-FU (MF) or tegafur
(FT). Control therapy was the
administration of MF or FT alone. Survival
curve drawn by Kaplan-Meier's method
showed that life span prolongation effect
of LNT was observed with statistical
significance (P less than 0.05 or P less
than 0.01) by use of generalized
Wilcoxon's test. Moreover, improvement of
host immune responses was observed in LNT
treated group, and hematological survey
showed that incidence rate of abnormal
value was significantly low in LNT treated
group. Thus, LNT should be effective for
the patients with advanced or recurrent
stomach or colo-rectal cancer in
combination with chemotherapeutic agents
such as MF or FT. Regarding advanced or
recurrent breast cancer, study is
underway. LNT has been administered as an
agent for supportive therapy to the
patients with complete response, partial
response or stable diseases which were
induced by prior surgery of oophorectomy.
Again, life span prolongation effect of
LNT has been observed with statistical
significance (P less than 0.05). This
result suggests that LNT would also be
effective for the patients with advanced
or recurrent breast cancer as an agent for
supportive therapy.
Publication Types:
PMID: 6349538 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Anticarcinogenic actions of
water-soluble and alcohol-insoluble
fractions from culture medium of Lentinus
edodes mycelia.
Sugano N,
Hibino Y,
Choji Y,
Maeda H.
The water-soluble (LEM) and
alcohol-insoluble (LAP and LAP1) fractions
were prepared from the culture medium of
Lentinus edodes mycelia which was composed
of bagasse and rice bran. LEM suppressed
rat hepatocarcinogenesis and its cell
proliferation of rat-ascites hepatoma to
about 50% or less of each control group.
LAP also suppressed cell proliferation at
almost the same rate. LAP1 induced many
small cells in the ascites and
significantly raised the survival rate of
hepatoma-bearing rats. Thus,
anticarcinogenic action was revealed in
LAP or LAP1 fractions which were mainly
composed of xylose-containing
polysaccharide and protein.
PMID: 6891904 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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[Effect of lentinan administration of
adrenalectomized rats and patients with
breast cancer]
[Article in Japanese]
Kosaka A,
Wani T,
Hattori Y,
Yamashita A.
To investigate a clinical application of
Lentinan, an immunomodulator and
polysaccharide extracted from Lentinus
edodes, an effect of Lentinan on the
adrenalectomized rats was examined. The
multiple injection of Lentinan did not
result in any changes in the growth
curves, survival rate nor histamine
sensitivity, compared with those of the
controls, indicating that Lentinan might
be a useful agent in the combination
therapy of adrenalectomized animals. The
clinical safety of Lentinan administration
for the patients with advanced or
recurrent breast cancer who received
bilateral oophorectomy and adrenalectomy
were confirmed, and its efficacies were
evaluated by prolongation of life span and
antitumor effect. The improvement of
prognosis was observed in Lentinan treated
patients, compared with the control.
Publication Types:
PMID: 6764117 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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-
Antitumor effect of virus-like
particles from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake)
on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice.
Takehara M,
Mori K,
Kuida K,
Hanawa MA.
PMID: 7271461 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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-
Isolation and characterization of a new
antitumor polysaccharide, KS-2, extracted
from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes.
Fujii T,
Maeda H,
Suzuki F,
Ishida N.
A new antitumor and antiviral substance,
KS-2, was prepared by ethanol
precipitation of the hot water extract of
culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes KSLE
007. It was further purified by ECTEOLA-cellulose
and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography
based on the interferon-inducing activity.
Its homogeneity was revealed by CsCl
density gradient centrifugation,
electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and
Sephadex G-100 and ECTEOLA-cellulose
column chromatography. KS-2 is mainly
composed of alpha-linked mannose and
contains a small amount of peptide which
consists of serine, threonine and alanine
with residual amounts of the other amino
acids. The estimated molecular weight of
KS-2 is between 6.0 X 10(4) and 9.5 X
10(4). KS-2 suppressed the growth of
EHRLICH as well as Sarcoma-180 tumors in
mice when given either orally or
intraperitoneally. It is also capable of
inducing an interferon in mice when dosed
orally or intraperitoneally. The acute
LD50 of KS-2 was found to be extremely
low, more than 12,500 mg/kg when
administered orally to mice.
PMID: 569140 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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