Scientific Researches On:
Ganoderma Lucidum (Reishi Mushroom)
USA National Center for Biotechnology Information
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1:
Nutr Cancer. 2008
Jan-Feb;60(1):109-19.
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Telomerase-associated apoptotic events by
mushroom ganoderma lucidum on premalignant
human urothelial cells.
Yuen JW,
Gohel MD,
Au DW.
Department of Health Technology and
Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic
University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
The chemopreventive effects of Ganoderma
lucidum was tested, using a tumorigenic
transformable human urothelial cell (HUC-PC)
model. These in vitro data show that G.
lucidum can inhibit the viability and growth
of HUC-PC. This could be explained by a
concomitant induction of apoptosis and
inhibition of telomerase activity.
Significant exteriorization of
phosphatidylserine was detected by Annexin-V
on cell surface, and the cells subsequently
lost membrane integrity for uptake of
7-amino-actinomycin D dye. Additionally, the
levels of hydrogen peroxide and
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)
production of the apoptotic cells were
significantly increased. The induction of
apoptosis and suppression of telomerase
activity help to explain the anti-HUC-PC
growth properties; however, the induction of
oxidative stress requires further study.
This study strongly suggests that G. lucidum
is a potential source of chemopreventive
agents for bladder cancer based on its
effectiveness in controlling the
premalignant urothelial cell growth and
carcinogen-induced transformation.
Publication Types:
PMID: 18444142 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Ganoderic acids suppress growth and
invasive behavior of breast cancer cells by
modulating AP-1 and NF-kappaB signaling.
Jiang J,
Grieb B,
Thyagarajan A,
Sliva D.
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist
Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46202,
USA.
Structurally related lanostane-type
triterpenes, ganoderic acid A, F and H
(GA-A, GA-F, GA-H), were identified in an
oriental medicinal mushroom Ganoderma
lucidum. In the present study we evaluated
the effect of GA-A, GA-H and GA-F on highly
invasive human breast cancer cells. We
showed that GA-A and GA-H suppressed growth
(cell proliferation and colony formation)
and invasive behavior (adhesion, migration
and invasion) of MDA-MB-231 cells. Our
results suggest that GA-A and GA-H mediate
their biological effects through the
inhibition of transcription factors AP-1 and
NF-kappaB, resulting in the down-regulation
of expression of Cdk4 and the suppression of
secretion of uPA, respectively. Furthermore,
the activity of ganoderic acids is linked to
the hydroxylation in the position 7 and 15
(GA-A) and 3 (GA-H) in their triterpene
lanostane structure. In conclusion,
hydroxylated triterpenes from G. lucidum
could be promising natural agents for the
therapy of invasive breast cancers.
Publication Types:
PMID: 18425349 [PubMed - in process]
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Interaction of Ganoderma triterpenes with
doxorubicin and proteomic characterization
of the possible molecular targets of
Ganoderma triterpenes.
Yue QX,
Xie FB,
Guan SH,
Ma C,
Yang M,
Jiang BH,
Liu X,
Guo DA.
Shanghai Research Center for Modernization
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Triterpenes are the main components with
cytotoxicity in Ganoderma lucidum, which is
used popularly as a complementary treatment
for cancer therapy in traditional Chinese
medicine. To investigate the possible
interaction between chemotherapeutic agents
and triterpenes extracted from G. lucidum,
the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX)
combined with Ganoderma triterpenes (GTS) or
lucidenic acid N (LCN), a purified compound,
was examined in HeLa cells. The combinations
targeting DOX with GTS or LCN resulted in a
synergistic interaction in HeLa cells.
Moreover, to identify the molecular targets
of GTS, two-dimensional gel
electrophoresis-based comparative proteomics
was carried out and proteins with altered
expression levels after GTS treatment in
HeLa cells were identified by
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The
results of our proteomic study indicated
that the GTS treatment caused regulated
expression of 14 proteins, which play
important roles in cell proliferation, the
cell cycle, apoptosis, and oxidative stress.
Flow cytometric analysis confirmed that GTS
could induce weak G(0)-G(1) phase arrest and
combined use of GTS with DOX could induce
apoptosis in cells. Furthermore, GTS
enhanced the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing
effect of DOX, and a ROS scavenger could
affect the synergism between GTS and DOX. In
cells with high Ku80 protein expression, the
synergism between GTS and DOX was also
partly affected. Importantly, in cells with
high Ku80 expression that were treated with
a ROS scavenger, the synergism between GTS
and DOX totally disappeared. These results
suggest that the synergism between GTS and
DOX might be based on GTS-induced
sensitization of cells to chemotherapeutics
through enhanced oxidative stress, DNA
damage, and apoptosis.
Publication Types:
PMID: 18422750 [PubMed - in process]
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Proteomics characterization of the
cytotoxicity mechanism of ganoderic acid D
and computer-automated estimation of the
possible drug target network.
Yue QX,
Cao ZW,
Guan SH,
Liu XH,
Tao L,
Wu WY,
Li YX,
Yang PY,
Liu X,
Guo DA.
Shanghai Research Center for Modernization
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
Triterpenes isolated from Ganoderma lucidum
could inhibit the growth of numerous cancer
cell lines and were thought to be the basis
of the anticancer effects of G. lucidum.
Ganoderic acid D (GAD) is one of the major
components in Ganoderma triterpenes. GAD
treatment for 48 h inhibited the
proliferation of HeLa human cervical
carcinoma cells with an IC(50) value of 17.3
+/- 0.3 microM. Flow cytometric analysis and
DNA fragmentation analysis indicated that
GAD induced G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and
apoptosis. To identify the cellular targets
of GAD, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
was performed, and proteins altered in
expressional level after GAD exposure of
cells were identified by MALDI-TOF MS/MS.
The regulation of proteins was also
confirmed by Western blotting. The cytotoxic
effect of GAD was associated with regulated
expression of 21 proteins. Furthermore these
possible GAD target-related proteins were
evaluated by an in silico drug target
searching program, INVDOCK. The INVDOCK
analysis results suggested that GAD could
bind six isoforms of 14-3-3 protein family,
annexin A5, and aminopeptidase B. The direct
binding affinity of GAD toward 14-3-3 zeta
was confirmed in vitro using surface plasmon
resonance biosensor analysis. In addition,
the intensive study of functional
association among these 21 proteins revealed
that 14 of them were closely related in the
protein-protein interaction network. They
had been found to either interact with each
other directly or associate with each other
via only one intermediate protein from
previous protein-protein interaction
experimental results. When the network was
expanded to a further interaction outward,
all 21 proteins could be included into one
network. In this way, the possible network
associated with GAD target-related proteins
was constructed, and the possible
contribution of these proteins to the
cytotoxicity of GAD is discussed in this
report.
Publication Types:
PMID: 18166740 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Lucidenic acid inhibits PMA-induced
invasion of human hepatoma cells through
inactivating MAPK/ERK signal transduction
pathway and reducing binding activities of
NF-kappaB and AP-1.
Weng CJ,
Chau CF,
Hsieh YS,
Yang SF,
Yen GC.
Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing
University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
Ganoderma lucidum has been reported to be
associated with suppressed motility,
invasion and metastasis of several types of
cancers, but its mechanism of action remains
unclear. In our previous study, lucidenic
acids A, B, C and N were isolated from a new
strain of G.lucidum and all of them were
found to have potential anti-invasive
activity on phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate
(PMA)-induced HepG(2) cells by suppressing
the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9
activity. Here, the lucidenic acid B (LAB)
was used to explore its mechanisms
underlying MMP-9 expression of HepG(2)
cells. The results showed that the LAB
suppressed PMA-induced MMP-9 activity in a
dose-dependent transcriptional level. The
suppression of PMA-induced MMP-9 expression
of HepG(2) cells by LAB was through
inactivating phosphorylation of
extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)
1/2. The treatment of mitogen-activated
protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors
(PD98059 and U0126) and LAB to HepG(2) cells
could result in a synergistic reduction on
the MMP-9 expression along with an
inhibition on cell invasion. Moreover, LAB
also strongly inhibited PMA-stimulated
nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and
activator protein-1 (AP-1) DNA-binding
activities of HepG(2) cells in
dose-dependent manners. A dose-dependent
inhibition on protein levels of NF-kappaB,
c-Jun and c-Fos in nuclear by LAB treatment
was further observed. In conclusion, we
demonstrated that the anti-invasive effects
of the LAB on the PMA-induced HepG(2) cells
might be through inhibiting the
phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and reducing AP-1
and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activities,
leading to downregulation of MMP-9
expression.
Publication Types:
PMID: 18024477 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in
human monocytic leukemia cells: from gene
expression to network construction.
Cheng KC,
Huang HC,
Chen JH,
Hsu JW,
Cheng HC,
Ou CH,
Yang WB,
Chen ST,
Wong CH,
Juan HF.
Department of Life Science, National Taiwan
University, Taipei 106, Taiwan. jerekcheng@gmail.com
BACKGROUND: Ganoderma lucidum has been
widely used as a herbal medicine for
promoting health and longevity in China and
other Asian countries. Polysaccharide
extracts from Ganoderma lucidum have been
reported to exhibit immuno-modulating and
anti-tumor activities. In previous studies,
F3, the active component of the
polysaccharide extract, was found to
activate various cytokines such as IL-1,
IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-alpha. This gave rise
to our investigation on how F3 stimulates
immuno-modulating or anti-tumor effects in
human leukemia THP-1 cells. RESULTS: Here,
we integrated time-course DNA microarray
analysis, quantitative PCR assays, and
bioinformatics methods to study the
F3-induced effects in THP-1 cells.
Significantly disturbed pathways induced by
F3 were identified with statistical analysis
on microarray data. The apoptosis induction
through the DR3 and DR4/5 death receptors
was found to be one of the most significant
pathways and play a key role in THP-1 cells
after F3 treatment. Based on time-course
gene expression measurements of the
identified pathway, we reconstructed a
plausible regulatory network of the involved
genes using reverse-engineering
computational approach. CONCLUSION: Our
results showed that F3 may induce death
receptor ligands to initiate signaling via
receptor oligomerization, recruitment of
specialized adaptor proteins and activation
of caspase cascades.
PMID: 17996095 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
PMCID:
PMC2211495
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Potential of a novel polysaccharide
preparation (GLPP) from Anhui-grown
Ganoderma lucidum in tumor treatment and
immunostimulation.
Pang X,
Chen Z,
Gao X,
Liu W,
Slavin M,
Yao W,
Yu LL.
School of Life Science and Technology, China
Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, MD
210009, PR China.
Growing evidence indicates the potential of
developing novel polysaccharide-based
adjuvant for tumor therapy from edible
mushrooms, including Ganoderma lucidum. In
the present study, a novel polysaccharide
preparation (GLPP) was isolated from the
fruiting body of G. lucidum grown in Anhui,
China, and characterized for its
physicochemical properties. GLPP had an
average molecular weight of 6600 and a
specific optical rotation of +25.6 degrees ,
contained 10.6% protein, and had a molar
ratio of 0.9:15:1 for mannose, glucose, and
galactose, respectively. GLPP was also
investigated and compared with PSP (polysaccharopeptide
preparation), a commercial antitumor and
immunostimulating agent, for its antitumor
and immunostimulation capacity, and
potential in reducing the toxic effects
induced by cyclophosphamide (Cy) treatment
and Cobalt-60 ((60)Co) radiation in mice.
GLPP at levels of 100 and 300 mg/kg body
weight (BW)/d significantly inhibited the
growth of inoculated S(180), Heps, and EAC
tumor cells in mice. GLPP at a dose of 300
mg/kg BW/d showed stronger growth inhibition
against all 3 tested tumor cells than PSP at
1 g/kg BW/d. GLPP also dose-dependently
increased phagocytic index, phagocytic
coefficient, and 50% hemolysin value in the
EAC tumor-bearing mice, indicating its
potential immunostimulating property. In
addition, GLPP at 300 mg/kg BW/d was
comparable to PSP at 1000 mg/kg BW/d in
preventing the decrease of thymus index,
spleen index, white blood cells, and bone
marrow karyote numbers induced by Cy
treatment and (60)Co radiation. These data
demonstrated the potential utilization of
GLPP as an adjuvant to conventional
treatments of cancers and its use for cancer
prevention.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17995702 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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The anti-invasive effect of lucidenic
acids isolated from a new Ganoderma lucidum
strain.
Weng CJ,
Chau CF,
Chen KD,
Chen DH,
Yen GC.
Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing
University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Ganoderma lucidum is a well-known mushroom
with various pharmacological effects that
has been used for health and longevity
purposes. The objective of this study was to
investigate the anti-invasive effect of
lucidenic acids isolated from a new G.
lucidum strain (YK-02) against human
hepatoma carcinoma (HepG(2)) cells.
Triterpenoid components in the ethanol
extract of G. lucidum (YK-02) were separated
by means of a semi-preparative RP HPLC. Four
major peaks were separated and crystallized
from triterpenoids fraction, and were
identified as lucidenic acids A, B, C, and N
according to their spectroscopic values of
(1)H NMR and MS. Treatment of the lucidenic
acids (50 microM) in the presence of 200 nM
phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) after
24 h of incubation all resulted in
significant inhibitory effects on PMA-induced
MMP-9 activity and invasion of HepG(2
)cells. The results indicate that the
lucidenic acids isolated from G. lucidum
(YK-02) are anti-invasive bioactive
components on hepatoma cells.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17979098 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Androgen receptor-dependent and
-independent mechanisms mediate Ganoderma
lucidum activities in LNCaP prostate cancer
cells.
Zaidman BZ,
Wasser SP,
Nevo E,
Mahajna J.
Migal, Galilee Technology Center, Cancer
Drug Discovery Program, Kiryat Shmona,
Israel.
Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.:Fr.) P. Karst, a
medicinal fungus, has been widely used in
Asian countries for centuries to prevent or
treat a variety of diseases, including
cancer. However, the mechanisms responsible
for the effects of G. lucidum on cancer
cells remain to be elucidated. We have
previously shown that ethyl acetate extract
of G. lucidum inhibits LNCaP prostate cancer
cell viability and proliferation. We also
demonstrated that G. lucidum extract
decreased androgen receptor transcriptional
activity, suppressed levels of secreted
prostate-specific antigen, and suppressed
androgen receptor protein level. In this
study we investigated the mechanisms that
underlie the activities of G. lucidum crude
extract and its active fraction GLF4 in
LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Our data
demonstrate that G. lucidum inhibits cell
viability by induction of apoptosis through
the extrinsic pathway that include
activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 and
inhibits cell proliferation by the
down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression.
Furthermore, G. lucidum crude extract and
fraction GLF4 interfere with androgen
receptor function via competition with the
natural ligand dihydrotestosterone and
suppression of androgen receptor/androgen
response element complex formation. These
results indicate that G. lucidum extracts
have profound activity against LNCaP cells
that merits further investigation as a
potential therapeutic agent for the
treatment of prostate cancer.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17786330 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Antioxidant small phenolic ingredients in
Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat (Chaga).
Nakajima Y,
Sato Y,
Konishi T.
Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied
Life Science, Niigata, Japan.
Inonotus obliquus (persoon) Pilat (Chaga, in
Russia, kabanoanatake in Japan) is a fungus
having been used as a folk medicine in
Russia and said to have many health
beneficial functions such as immune
modulating and anti-cancer activities. In
the present study, the antioxidant activity
of hot water extract (decoction) of Chaga
was precisely compared with those of other
medicinal fungi (Agaricus blazei Mycelia,
Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus)
showing Chaga had the strongest antioxidant
activity among fungi examined in terms of
both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals
scavenging activities. Further determination
of the antioxidant potential of isolated
fruiting body (brown part) and Sclerotium
(black part) revealed the 80% MeOH extract
of fruiting body had the highest potential
as high as that of Chaga decoction. Finally,
seven antioxidant components were isolated
and purified from the 80% MeOH extract of
Chaga fruiting body, and their chemical
structures were determined as small
phenolics as follows:
4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid
2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl ethyl ester (BAEE),
protocatechic acid (PCA), caffeic acid (CA),
3,4-dihybenzaladehyde (DB),
2,5-dihydroxyterephtalic acid (DTA),
syringic acid (SA) and
3,4-dihydroxybenzalacetone (DBL). Notably,
BAEE was assigned as the new compound
firstly identified from the natural source
in the present study.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17666849 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Response of human dendritic cells to
different immunomodulatory polysaccharides
derived from mushroom and barley.
Chan WK,
Law HK,
Lin ZB,
Lau YL,
Chan GC.
Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent
Medicine, Hong Kong Jockey Club Clinical
Research Center, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary
Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong,
China.
Polysaccharides derived from fungi and
plants have been increasingly used as
dietary supplement with therapeutic
intention for cancer. However, whether these
polysaccharides from different sources and
structures can elicit similar immunological
effects remain unknown. This study aims to
investigate and compare the effects of
selected groups of purified and crude
polysaccharides on human dendritic cells (DCs),
the most potent antigen-presenting cells.
The selected polysaccharides were from
Ganoderma lucidum [(GL) Lingzhi, Reishi], a
medicinal mushroom commonly used by
oriental; and barley glucan, a purified
polysaccharide with known in vivo
immunomodulating effect. We found that
purified polysaccharides from GL mycelium
could induce human PBMC proliferation and
phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs
with significant IL-12 and IL-10 production.
Polysaccharides of GL spore and barley were
both rather weak immunostimulator in vitro.
In general, all these polysaccharides did
not polarize T cells into either T(h)1 or
T(h)2 or regulatory T cells, except for
crude spore polysaccharides-treated DCs
which could suppress T cell proliferation
with IL-10 production. This study revealed
the polysaccharides of different sources
have different immune potency and effect on
human immune cells including DCs. Our study
also provides a reproducible biological
platform for comparing the potential
therapeutic effects of different
herbal-derived polysaccharides in the
future.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17606977 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Immunomodulation of RAW264.7 macrophages
by GLIS, a proteopolysaccharide from
Ganoderma lucidum.
Ji Z,
Tang Q,
Zhang J,
Yang Y,
Jia W,
Pan Y.
Key Laboratory for Microbiological
Engineering of the Agricultural Environment
of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing
Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu
210095, China.
The immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma
lucidum immunomodulating substance (GLIS) on
macrophages has been investigated as part of
on-going research into the anti-cancer
properties of Ganoderma lucidum.
Proliferation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs)
was enhanced by GLIS in a dose-dependent
manner. Microscopic examination revealed
that numerous GLIS-treated RAW264.7
macrophages were enlarged and formed
pseudopodia. Exposure of RAW264.7
macrophages to GLIS resulted in significant
increases in NO production, induction of
cellular respiratory burst activity, and
increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-12p35 and
IL-12p40 gene expression. Our data indicate
that GLIS activates the immune system by
modulating cytokine production.
PMID: 17524580 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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The anti-androgen effect of ganoderol B
isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma
lucidum.
Liu J,
Shimizu K,
Konishi F,
Kumamoto S,
Kondo R.
Department of Forest and Forest Products
Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu
University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
The anti-androgenic activity of the ethanol
extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma
lucidum has been previously reported.
Ganoderol B with 5alpha-reductase inhibitory
activity and the ability to bind to androgen
receptor (AR) can inhibit androgen-induced
LNCaP cell growth and suppress regrowth of
the ventral prostate induced by testosterone
in rats. The down-regulation of AR signaling
by ganoderol B provides an important
mechanism for its anti-androgenic activity.
In view of the fact that PSA (prostatic
specific antigen, a well-accepted prognostic
indicator of prostate cancer) is
down-regulated, an important implication of
this study is that ganoderol B intervention
strategy aimed at toning down the amplitude
of androgen signaling could be helpful in
controlling morbidity of prostate cancer. In
conclusion, our result suggests that
ganoderol B might be useful in prostate
cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
therapy through suppressing the function of
androgen and its receptor.
PMID: 17499997 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Regression of gastric large B-Cell
lymphoma accompanied by a florid
lymphoma-like T-cell reaction:
immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum
(Lingzhi)?
Cheuk W,
Chan JK,
Nuovo G,
Chan MK,
Fok M.
Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth
Hospital, Wylie Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Complete regression of high-grade lymphoma
is extremely rare. We report 1 such case
that might have been conceivably mediated by
Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi), an
immunomodulatory herbal medicine. A
47-year-old man presented with epigastric
pain. Endoscopy revealed a large gastric
ulcer, which on biopsy was diagnostic of
large B-cell lymphoma. At gastrectomy 11
days later, no evidence was found of large
B-cell lymphoma despite thorough sampling.
Instead, there was a dense and permeative
infiltrate of CD3(+) CD8(+) cytotoxic small
T lymphocytes spanning the whole thickness
of the gastric wall. In situ reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction for
T-cell receptor beta-chain family did not
detect a monoclonal T-cell population. We
postulate that the cytotoxic T cells may
represent an active host-immune response
against the large B-cell lymphoma that
resulted in a complete regression. On
questioning, the patient had taken megadoses
of Ganoderma lucidum, which might have
triggered the successful immune reaction.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17478779 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Enhancement of IL-2 and IFN-gamma
expression and NK cells activity involved in
the anti-tumor effect of ganoderic acid Me
in vivo.
Wang G,
Zhao J,
Liu J,
Huang Y,
Zhong JJ,
Tang W.
State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor
Engineering and School of Pharmacy, East
China University of Science and Technology,
Shanghai, China.
Ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me) is a lanostane
triterpenoid purified from Ganoderma lucidum
mycelia, one of the most widely used herbs
for cancer treatment and prevention in east
Asia. In the present study, it was
demonstrated that GA-Me could inhibit both
tumor growth and lung metastasis of Lewis
lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice. Compared
with the control group, Natural Killer (NK)
cells activity was significantly enhanced by
intraperitoneal administration of GA-Me (28
mg/kg). Results of ELISA assay and RT-PCR
showed that the expressions of Interleukin-2
(IL-2) and Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were
also increased (p<0.05). Additionally, the
expression of Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)
was up-regulated after the treatment of
GA-Me, which might be involved in the
production of IL-2. In conclusion, the
findings of this study implied that GA-Me
could effectively inhibit tumor growth and
lung metastasis through increasing immune
function.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17466920 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Coprinus comatus and Ganoderma lucidum
interfere with androgen receptor function in
LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
Zaidman BZ,
Wasser SP,
Nevo E,
Mahajna J.
Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa,
Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel.
In this study, we screened a total of 201
diethyl ether, ethanol, and ethyl acetate
fungal Basidiomycetes extracts for
anti-androgenic activity. Based on our
screened results in combination with the
selective inhibition of prostate cancer
LNCaP cells, we selected Coprinus comatus
and Ganoderma lucidum for further
evaluation. We demonstrated that ethanol and
ethyl acetate extracts from C. comatus and
G. lucidum, respectively, selectively
inhibit dihydrotestosterone-induced LNCaP
cell viability, suppress levels of secreted
prostate-specific antigen in a
dose-dependent manner, and cause a G1 phase
arrest in LNCaP, but not in DU 145 and PC-3
cells. For the first time, to the best of
our knowledge, we demonstrated that C.
comatus and G. lucidum decreased androgen
and glucocorticoide receptors
transcriptional activity in breast cancer
MDA-kb2 cells in a dose-dependent manner,
and suppressed androgen receptor (AR)
protein level in LNCaP and MDA-kb2 cells.
Our findings suggest that AR and non-AR
mediated mechanisms underlie the effects of
C. comatus and G. lucidum.
PMID: 17431821 [PubMed - in process]
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Ganoderma lucidum: a cause of
pseudoparasitosis.
Wanachiwanawin D,
Piankijagum A,
Chaiprasert A,
Lertlaituan P,
Tungtrongchitr A,
Chinabutr P.
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of
Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol
University, Bangkok, Thailand. sidwn@mahidol.ac.th
We report a pseudoparasitosis case due to
Ganoderma lucidum, (lingzhi or reishi
mushroom); we believe this to be a first
reported case in Thailand. A 49-year-old
male patient with non-Hodgkins lymphoma
presented with chronic watery diarrhea. He
had a history of consumption of powdered
lingzhi extract as a dietary supplement and
herbal medicine. Stool examination
demonstrated many spores of G. lucidum,
which must be differentiated from intestinal
helminth ova and coccidia. After
discontinuation of mushroom spores
ingestion, the diarrheal symptoms improved
and fecal examination subsequently showed no
Ganoderma spores. Many artifacts in the
stool may be confused with parasites.
Differentiation of parasites from artifacts
depends on characterization of the size,
shape, structure, and reactivity with common
stains.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17333761 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Combined effect of green tea and
Ganoderma lucidum on invasive behavior of
breast cancer cells.
Thyagarajan A,
Zhu J,
Sliva D.
Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist
Research Institute, E504, Indianapolis, IN
46202, USA.
Epidemiological studies have suggested that
consumption of green tea may decrease the
risk of a variety of cancers. In addition,
mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been used for
the promotion of health, longevity and
treatment of cancer in traditional Chinese
medicine. In the present study we show that
extract from green tea (GTE) increased the
anticancer effect of G. lucidum extract (GLE)
on cell proliferation (anchorage-dependent
growth) as well as colony formation
(anchorage-independent growth) of breast
cancer cells. This effect was mediated by
the down-regulation of expression of
oncogene c-myc in MDA-MB-231 cells. Although
individual GTE and GLE independently
inhibited adhesion, migration and invasion
of MDA-MB-231 cells, their combination
demonstrated a synergistic effect, which was
mediated by the suppression of secretion of
urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) from
breast cancer cells. Our study suggests the
potential use of combined green tea and G.
lucidum extracts for the suppression of
growth and invasiveness of metastatic breast
cancers.
PMID: 17332936 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance
the function of immunological effector cells
in immunosuppressed mice.
Zhu XL,
Chen AF,
Lin ZB.
Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic
Medical Science, Peking University Health
Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing
100083, PR China. xiaolingzhu88yahoo.com.cn
The present study was designed to determine
in vivo efficacy of Ganoderma lucidum
polysaccharides (Gl-PS) for enhancing the
activity of immunological effector cells in
immunosuppressed mice. Mice were injected
intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily with
low-dose (2.5mg/kg), intermediate-dose
(25mg/kg), and high-dose (250 mg/kg) of Gl-PS,
respectively, for 7 consecutive days 24h
after i.p. injection of a immunosuppressing
anti-tumor agent cyclophosphamide (Cy, 300
mg/kg). In Cy-treated mice, compared to
vehicle, low-dose Gl-PS accelerated recovery
of bone marrow cells, red blood cells and
white blood cells, as well as splenic
natural killer cells and natural killer T
cells, and enhanced T and B cell
proliferation responses on day 8, cytotoxic
T lymphocyte activity on day 5, as well as
NK cell and lymphokine activated killer cell
activity on days 7-9. Furthermore, it
promoted phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of
macrophages on day 12. The above beneficial
effects induced by the low-dose Gl-PS
treatment did not result in any side
effects. These results demonstrate the
efficacious effects of low-dose Gl-PS
treatment for enhancing the activity of
immunological effector cells in
immunosuppressed mice, and may provide a
basis for applying this herb as an
efficacious adjacent immunopotentiating
therapy against cancer chemotherapy-induced
immunosuppression.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17182202 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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[Antitumor activity of extracts of
Ganoderma lucidum and their protective
effects on damaged HL-7702 cells induced by
radiotherapy and chemotherapy]
[Article in Chinese]
Wang DH,
Weng XC.
School of Life Sciences, Shanghai
University, Shanghai 200444, China.
OBJECTIVE: To study the inhibitory effect of
Ganoderma lucidum, the extract of
chloroform, the extract of ethyl acetate and
the remains after two-time extraction on
BEL-7402 and MGC-803 cells and their
protective effects on HL-7702 cells pre-and
post-exposed to cisplatin (DDP) and various
doses of 60Co gamma irradiation. METHOD: The
antitumor activity and protective effects on
damaged HL-7702 cells induced by
radiotherapy and chemotherapy of ganoderma
lucidum were determined by MTT technique.
RESULT: The anticancer activity of the
extract of chloroform Ganoderma lucidum was
the best: at the concentration of 0.125 mg x
mL(-1), the inhibitory rate was over 50%. To
the HL-7702 cells damaged by DDP, four kinds
of extracts didn't exert restoring effect,
but the pretreatment with the extract of
chloroform reduced the damaged degree
significantly. To the 60Co gamma irradiated
HL-7702 cells, only the extract of
chloroform exerted restoring effect to some
extent when exposed to middle or high dose
of irradiation. The pre-administration of
four kinds of extracts reduced the damaged
degree by radiation. CONCLUSION: The extract
of chloroform exerts notable antitumor
effects on cancer cells and protective
effects on damaged normal cells induced by
radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Publication Types:
PMID: 17165589 [PubMed - indexed for
MEDLINE]
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